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	<title>Elizabeth Loupas &#187; History</title>
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	<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com</link>
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		<title>The Best Crispy-Chewy Coconut Cookies Ever</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2012/01/26/the-best-crispy-chewy-coconut-cookies-ever/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2012/01/26/the-best-crispy-chewy-coconut-cookies-ever/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 17:18:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Baking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=2495</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; Well, in my opinion, at least. I cobbled together two or three other recipes to come up with this, and experimented on my own with chopping the coconut finer and finer. I’m very pleased with the result, which combines the crispness of a shortbread with the chewiness of coconut. The trick is whizzing the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Delicious-Crispy-Chewy-Coconut-Cookies.jpg" alt="" title="Delicious Crispy-Chewy Coconut Cookies" width="450" height="360" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2496" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Well, in my opinion, at least. I cobbled together two or three other recipes to come up with this, and experimented on my own with chopping the coconut finer and finer. I’m very pleased with the result, which combines the crispness of a shortbread with the chewiness of coconut. The trick is whizzing the coconut in the food processor until it’s chopped very very fine. The original cup of shredded coconut should be reduced to a rounded half-cup when finely chopped.</p>
<p>The chopped coconut also makes slicing the cookies easier, and I love slice-and-bake refrigerator cookies&#8212;so easy.</p>
<p>It occurs to me that if you like Mounds candy bars (which I do), you might like these with a bittersweet chocolate frosting instead of the plain (but deliciously vanilla-y) powdered-sugar glaze.</p>
<p>Here’s the recipe:</p>
<p>Coconut Cookies</p>
<p>1/2 cup butter, at room temperature<br />
1/2 cup sugar<br />
1 teaspoon vanilla extract<br />
1/2 teaspoon salt<br />
1 large egg<br />
1 1/4 cups sifted all-purpose flour<br />
1 cup sweetened shredded coconut, chopped very fine in food processor</p>
<p>Cream together the butter, sugar, vanilla and salt until light and fluffy. Beat in the egg. Mix in the flour until just blended. Fold in the coconut. Roll dough into a log with plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least two hours.</p>
<p>Preheat the oven to 350&deg;. Line baking sheets with parchment paper. Slice dough into quarter-inch (or so) slices and bake just until golden around the edges, 12-15 minutes. Cool and ice thinly with powdered sugar glaze.</p>
<p>Naturally I had to look up some of the history of coconut as a foodstuff. Rather to my surprise, I found that the <em>nux indica</em>, the Indian nut, was at least known in Europe as a botanical curiosity as early as Marco Polo, and possibly earlier. The term “coconut” itself is later, and derives from the Portuguese and Spanish “coco,” “grinning face,” as a description of the face-like markings at the base of the shell. Vasco da Gama (who died in 1524) is supposed to have brought coconuts to Europe from India. So it’s entirely possible that the Este and the Medici, living in very wealthy Italian courts in the mid-sixteenth-century, could have been served coconut as an expensive and exotic delicacy. Rinette in faraway Scotland? Sadly I think it’s pretty certain she never tasted the sweet, chewy deliciousness that is the coconut.</p>
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		<title>Dumbarton</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2011/08/12/dumbarton/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2011/08/12/dumbarton/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:07:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scotland]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Flower Reader]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=2317</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[One does come across the most interesting stories in the course of research. At one point in The Flower Reader, Queen Mary and her household go off on a summer progress which includes a stop at Dumbarton Castle. My friend and long-suffering Scots beta reader Leslie Thomson pointed out to me that in the sixteenth [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-2318" style="margin: 20px;" title="Old Dunbarton Road Sign" src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/DunbartonRoadSign1-291x300.jpg" alt="" width="291" height="300" /></p>
<p>One does come across the most interesting stories in the course of research.</p>
<p>At one point in <em>The Flower Reader</em>, Queen Mary and her household go off on a summer progress which includes a stop at <a href="http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertyabout.htm?PropID=pl_100&amp;PropName=Dumbarton%20Castle" target="_blank">Dumbarton Castle</a>. My friend and long-suffering Scots beta reader Leslie Thomson pointed out to me that in the sixteenth century both the castle and the town would have properly been called Dunbarton, from the Scots Gaelic <em>Dùn Breatainn</em>, Fortress of the Britons. It turns out that only in the last hundred and fifty years or so has Dunbarton become Dumbarton, all due to a misprint on a nineteenth-century map. There are even old street signs still in existence—see image at right.</p>
<p>I’m going to leave it as Dumbarton in the story, because modern-day readers would probably pounce on “Dunbarton” as a mistake. But “Dumbarton” itself sprang from a mistake. The lesson has to be: watch out for those darn typos, because you never know how long they’ll last!</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>The Flower Reader</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2011/01/08/the-flower-reader/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2011/01/08/the-flower-reader/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 Jan 2011 17:11:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Beagles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Flower Reader]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Second Duchess]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Writing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=1771</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[My Scotland book has its final title at last: The Flower Reader. This was one of my top choices and I’m delighted—I think it’s intriguing and unusual, and it puts the spotlight right where it belongs, on my heroine Rinette Leslie, the girl who can read the future in flowers. I’ll probably have more to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My Scotland book has its final title at last: <em>The Flower Reader</em>. This was one of my top choices and I’m delighted—I think it’s intriguing and unusual, and it puts the spotlight right where it belongs, on my heroine Rinette Leslie, the girl who can read the future in flowers. I’ll probably have more to say about <em>The Flower Reader</em> next week.</p>
<p>Cressie is doing beautifully. She had another follow-up vet visit on Wednesday and Dr. Clawson (such an appropriate name for a vet!) pronounced her a champion healer. She’s still wearing her plastic bag (an invention of my own, of which I’m justly proud) and probably will be for another week at least, just to let the healing progress past the itchy stage. Here she is, “in the bag” and oh-so-bored with it all:</p>
<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/cressiebagged.jpg" alt="" title="Cressie, in the bag and very blase about it" width="400" height="458" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1772" /></p>
<p>Boudin has been feeling quite left out, and so here’s a wonderful new picture of him as well, snapped by the Broadcasting Legend™:</p>
<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Boudin.jpg" alt="" title="Boudin making with the irresistible beagle eyes..." width="400" height="320" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1773" /></p>
<p>In <em>Second Duchess</em> news, there’s a <a href="http://www.goodreads.com/giveaway/show/7129-the-second-duchess">giveaway slated to start on January 15th on Goodreads</a>. Twenty-five copies up for grabs! So mark your calendars to enter. And anyone in the Houston, Texas area—put a big red “X” on March 5th, because at 1:00 on that Saturday afternoon I’ll be signing at Houston’s iconic <a href="http://www.murderbooks.com/">Murder by the Book</a> bookstore.</p>
<p>My Link o’ the Week for writers: <a href="http://storyfix.com/">StoryFix from Larry Brooks</a>. As Larry says in his subtitle: “Get it written, get it right, get it published.” A great resource, packed with energizing information.</p>
<p>My Link o’ the Week for historical fun: <a href="http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/Places/lochlevencastle.htm">The page on Lochleven Castle</a> in the Douglas Archives. I particularly like the sketch of what Lochleven Island would have looked like in the mid-1560s at the time of my story—the island today is much larger because the level of the loch has lowered. Lochleven! Just the word is embroidered with history and romance&#8230;</p>
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		<title>The Bones of Copernicus</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2010/05/24/the-bones-of-copernicus/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2010/05/24/the-bones-of-copernicus/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 May 2010 16:31:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Astronomy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=1403</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This past weekend, Nicolaus Copernicus’ remains were re-buried with great honor in a cathedral in Frombork, Poland, after spending over 460 years under the floor of the same cathedral in an unmarked grave. This is all very well and it’s excellent to see Copernicus vindicated at last, but if his body was buried in 1543 [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nikolaus-Copernicus.jpg" alt="" title="Nikolaus Copernicus" width="250" height="292" class="alignright size-full wp-image-1404" /></p>
<p>This past weekend, Nicolaus Copernicus’ remains were re-buried with great honor in a cathedral in Frombork, Poland, after spending over 460 years under the floor of the same cathedral in an unmarked grave.</p>
<p>This is all very well and it’s excellent to see Copernicus vindicated at last, but if his body was buried in 1543 in an unmarked grave—how did they know they had the right person?</p>
<p>It turns out scientists began looking for Copernicus back in 2004—they knew he’d been buried under the floor of the cathedral but didn’t know where. They found the skull and bones of a man of about the right age, and did a computer reconstruction of the face (hello, <em>Bones</em>) that resembled a portrait Copernicus drew of himself. Suggestive, but not conclusive.</p>
<p>Then the most amazing thing happened. They leafed through a book known to have belonged to Copernicus and found hairs. (I also pull my hair out over books from time to time, so I can relate.) They extracted DNA from the bones they’d found and from the hairs and <em>eureka</em>! A match.</p>
<p>So now Copernicus lies under a black granite tombstone identifying him as the founder of the heliocentric theory (well, not really, but the first to model it in full mathematical detail) and a canon of the Roman Catholic church. The stone is inlaid with a design representing the solar system, a golden sun encircled by six planets (the only ones they’d discovered at the time Copernicus lived).</p>
<p>One of the most poignant things about the whole story is that Copernicus published his masterwork <em>De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium</em> in the last year of his life. Supposedly the first printed copy was placed in his hands the day he died. One can only imagine what he felt.</p>
<p>Rest well, Master Nicolaus.</p>
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		<title>The Real Silver Casket</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2010/03/19/the-real-silver-casket/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2010/03/19/the-real-silver-casket/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 19 Mar 2010 13:38:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mary Queen of Scots]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Silver Casket]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=1252</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Am deep in sixteenth-century Scotland&#8212;want to join me? Here&#8217;s a link to photographs and details of the real silver casket which may (or may not, no one knows for sure, and of course the things no one knows for sure make the most delicious historical fiction) have held the &#8220;casket letters&#8221; which besmirched Queen Mary [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Am deep in sixteenth-century Scotland&#8212;want to join me? Here&#8217;s a link to photographs and details of the real silver casket which may (or may not, no one knows for sure, and of course the things no one knows for sure make the most delicious historical fiction) have held the &#8220;casket letters&#8221; which besmirched Queen Mary Stuart&#8217;s reputation forever.</p>
<p><a href="http://hamilton.rcahms.gov.uk/treasures11.html">Hamilton Palace : Treasures of the Palace : Lennoxlove</a></p>
<p>Where did the casket come from? What was its history before Queen Mary decided to use it to lock up her letters? (If she did.) If it&#8217;s fifteenth-century work, could the crossed F&#8217;s under a crown (if they were ever actually engraved on the casket, and not simply embroidered on the case) refer to Francois I instead of Francois II? Could its history have brought evil fortune to the queen? Could it even have been <em>cursed</em>? And if so, by whom?</p>
<p>So many questions to answer. Such fun!</p>
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		<title>Ferrara Live</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2010/02/01/ferrara-live/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2010/02/01/ferrara-live/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Feb 2010 13:31:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ferrara]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Second Duchess]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=1188</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Am immersing myself in sixteenth-century Ferrara. So much of the old city has been preserved&#8212;the medieval city walls, the Castello with its four massive towers, the magnificent Romanesque cathedral, the many palaces of the Este including the Palazzo dei Diamante, which today houses the National Picture Gallery, and the Palazzo Schifanoia with its incredible fifteenth-century [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Am immersing myself in sixteenth-century Ferrara. So much of the old city has been preserved&#8212;the medieval city walls, the Castello with its four massive towers, the magnificent Romanesque cathedral, the many palaces of the Este including the <a href="http://www.artecultura.fe.it/index.phtml?id=863"><em>Palazzo dei Diamante</em></a>, which today houses the National Picture Gallery, and the <a href="http://www.artecultura.fe.it/index.phtml?id=869"><em>Palazzo Schifanoia</em></a> with its incredible fifteenth-century frescoes. My Barbara would have known them all, walked their floors, touched their walls, breathed their air. It&#8217;s a daunting and delightful thought.</p>
<p>Sometimes I watch the various webcams of modern-day Ferrara.</p>
<p><a href="http://ferrara.comune.fe.it/index.phtml?id=1442">Citt&agrave; di Ferrara, various webcam views</a></p>
<p>Today, for example, it&#8217;s clearly sunny and cold&#8212;the sky is blue behind the clouds but there is snow on the roofs and here and there in the streets. Much of my story takes place in December, January and February of 1565 and 1566, and I imagine the weather to have been similar. I imagine Barbara&#8217;s breath as a visible cold mist when she goes out into the city to pursue her secret plan&#8230;</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Happy Thanksgiving!</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/11/26/happy-thanksgiving/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/11/26/happy-thanksgiving/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 16:08:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Holidays]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=925</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[My ancestors didn’t come over on the Mayflower, but they were not far behind on one of the voyages of the Abigail, which sailed from London April to July 1635, arriving in Massachusetts Bay. Henry Collins, my ninth great-grandfather, a starchmaker (all those ruffs and caps had to be starched by someone, you know) from [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Puritan-Mother.jpg" alt="A Puritan Mother. Long before the invention of baby monitors, pop-up wipes and Pampers." title="A Puritan Mother. Long before the invention of baby monitors, pop-up wipes and Pampers." width="200" height="380" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-926" />My ancestors didn’t come over on the <em>Mayflower</em>, but they were not far behind on one of the voyages of the <em>Abigail</em>, which sailed from London April to July 1635, arriving in Massachusetts Bay. Henry Collins, my ninth great-grandfather, a starchmaker (all those ruffs and caps had to be starched by someone, you know) from Stepney, Middlesex, brought his wife Ann and his three young children Henry, John and Margery. I’m descended from John (who was only three at the time of the voyage), through the Motts, Rhodeses, Sarjents, McConnells and Flemings.</p>
<p>So although they weren’t Pilgrims but ordinary Puritan tradesmen, here’s to the Collins family, who sailed to the New World and settled in Lynn, Massachusetts. Here’s to Ann Collins, who undertook a two-month-plus voyage across the Atlantic in cramped shipboard quarters with three children, ages five, three and two! Men may have gotten all the credit for bravery in those days, but a woman who could manage that is a woman I’m proud to be descended from.</p>
<p>Happy Thanksgiving wishes to everyone—because even if you don’t celebrate Thanksgiving Day as a holiday, it’s always good to be thankful.</p>
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		<title>Her Last Letter</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/09/25/her-last-letter/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/09/25/her-last-letter/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 21:34:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mary Queen of Scots]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Writing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=839</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Last week the National Library of Scotland offered a week-long opportunity for visitors to see the last letter of Mary Queen of Scots, written only a few hours before she was executed at Fotheringay Castle. For preservation reasons, the letter is put on display only rarely. The letter is directed to her brother-in-law Henri III, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last week the <a href="http://www.nls.uk/">National Library of Scotland</a> offered a week-long opportunity for visitors to see <a href="http://www.nls.uk/mqs/index.html">the last letter of Mary Queen of Scots</a>, written only a few hours before she was executed at Fotheringay Castle. For preservation reasons, the letter is put on display only rarely.</p>
<p>The letter is directed to her brother-in-law Henri III, the king of France, and dated 8 February, 1587. It closes with the phrase, “Wednesday, at two in the morning.” When you look at the images you can see blurry splotches, particularly on the first page. Was Mary crying? Or are the blotches the product of the many hands through which the letter passed after her death?</p>
<p>The letter itself is remarkably cool and rational, the writing steady, the lines even. What was Mary thinking as she wrote it, in the middle of the night, knowing she would be taken to a scaffold and publicly beheaded when the morning arrived?</p>
<p>Readers and writers of historical fiction don’t always agree about how much of our art should be history and how much should be fiction. This, to me, is a good example. The letter remains; we know Mary wrote it. We have her words. We know something of what she did before and after she wrote it. But what was she truly thinking and feeling? Ah, now that is where the storytelling comes in&#8230;</p>
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		<title>By Request: Lumbago</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/09/18/by-request-lumbago/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/09/18/by-request-lumbago/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 16:07:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Food Glorious Food]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Broadcasting Legend™]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Words]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.elizabethloupas.com/?p=833</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Had a good chuckle at Lisa Brackmann’s comment about why plumbago is called plumbago—“I would have gone with ‘it’s plum-colored and can be used to treat lumbago.’ For that matter, what IS lumbago?” Ask and you shall receive. The word “lumbago” dates to early in the seventeenth century and comes from the late Latin lumbago, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/loins.jpg" alt="Early 17th-century drawing of human musculature showing the loins, by Jehan Cousin" title="Early 17th-century drawing of human musculature showing the loins, by Jehan Cousin" width="200" height="279" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-834" />Had a good chuckle at <a href="http://www.papertigertail.blogspot.com/">Lisa Brackmann’s</a> comment about why plumbago is called plumbago—“I would have gone with ‘it’s plum-colored and can be used to treat lumbago.’ For that matter, what IS lumbago?”</p>
<p>Ask and you shall receive. The word “lumbago” dates to early in the seventeenth century and comes from the late Latin <em>lumbago</em>, “weakness of loins and lower back,” which itself is from the Latin <em>lumbus</em>, “loin.” Here’s a fellow from an early 17th-century book of “anatomies” [Cousin, Jehan. <em>Livre de pourtraiture</em>. Paris: Jean Leclerc, 1608] who has obligingly taken off his skin to show us his musculature; his loins are indicated by the number 3. For more fascinating historical books of anatomy, see the Research section of the <a href="http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/">Wonders and Marvels</a> website. I particularly like the ones in which the subject is rather coyly peeling back his or her own skin <em>and </em>muscles in order to display the organs beneath. What were the artists thinking?</p>
<p>“Lumbago” has rather fallen out of use these days, in favor of “Owie! I just threw out my back!” Perhaps we should bring it back. Or perhaps this evening I’ll tell the Broadcasting Legend&#8482; I’m going to cook him a nice lumbus of pork with potatoes, apples and sauerkraut. Mmmm!</p>
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		<title>Plumbago</title>
		<link>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/09/15/plumbago/</link>
		<comments>http://www.elizabethloupas.com/2009/09/15/plumbago/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 20:08:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elizabeth</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Flowers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marina Leslie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Silver Casket]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Because Rinette, the central character in my new book, is a floromancer deeply connected to flowers and their properties, I find I’m becoming fascinated with everything I can find out about flowers as well. Take the plumbago bush in our back yard. What a strange name for such a lovely flowering shrub, with its masses [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.elizabethloupas.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/plumbago.jpg" alt="The plumbago, or skyflower, growing just outside our back door" title="The plumbago, or skyflower, growing just outside our back door" width="350" height="265" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-827" /></p>
<p>Because Rinette, the central character in my new book, is a floromancer deeply connected to flowers and their properties, I find I’m becoming fascinated with everything I can find out about flowers as well.</p>
<p>Take the plumbago bush in our back yard. What a strange name for such a lovely flowering shrub, with its masses of bluish and lilac-colored blossoms, so sweet and irresistible to butterflies. The name comes from the Latin “plumbum,” the metal lead, as dull as dull can be. How on earth did it get connected with such a beautiful flower? (It&#8217;s also called skyflower, because of its color, but that&#8217;s a modern invention.)</p>
<p>The stories differ. Some say the plant—called for centuries plain “leadwort,” and only given its Latinized name in the eighteenth century—was used to treat lead poisoning, which was recognized as an affliction as early as the second century BC. Others say it was associated with lead because it was used to treat conditions that turned the skin a leaden color. Still others say the plant itself is toxin-loving, and where it grows there is lead to be found. Traditionally it’s also been used to treat warts, wounds and broken bones; made into a powder to be sniffed for headaches; and brewed as a tea to ward off nightmares.  Sticks of leadwort were woven into thatched roofs to ward off lightning. In French it was called <em>dentelaire</em>, and the chewed root was said to relieve toothache.</p>
<p>So in the sixteenth century Rinette would have known it as leadwort. How to work it into her unique personal scheme of floromancy? With its association with nightmares, perhaps it could bring on a vision of bad things that might happen if one makes a particular decision. That would certainly fit into the plot. Heh.</p>
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